Millimeter-wave components and technology have long been closely linked to radiation measurement and secure point-to-point communications. However, as methods for generating and detecting signals at frequencies above 30 GHz become more practical, the use of millimeter wave components and subsystems is becoming more and more widespread. EM simulation software tools have improved measurement capabilities and enhanced functionality. As design and measurement methods become more efficient, the cost-effectiveness of millimeter-wave designs is increasing, and is considered by many as a solution for a wide range of applications, from automotive cruise control systems and airport threat detection imaging systems to high data rates. The wide range of personal area network (PAN) communication devices.
The millimeter wave frequency range is generally considered to be from 30 GHz to 300 GHz, and the wavelength is about 1 mm to 10 mm. Because the wavelength is very short, the circuit size and structure are correspondingly very fine, and the processing difficulty is usually relatively large. Although the production of coaxial cables and connectors has been greatly improved and the coaxial line can support frequencies in the millimeter wave range (generally about 70 GHz), most of the higher millimeter wave frequency transmission lines are waveguides due to its The pipe-like appearance, the waveguide is often referred to as "pipe system." Waveguides come in many forms, including rectangular and circular. The specific dimensions are also related to frequency and wavelength. When the frequency is raised above 100 GHz, the size is very small.
Although there has historically been great difficulty in machining (and testing) millimeter wave components including antennas and waveguides, the available bandwidth is very attractive for many communication applications. For example, as the service providers of the latest wireless communication networks, including fourth generation (4G) cellular systems using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and WiMAX technologies, strive to meet the growing demand of users for transmitting large amounts of data, they are from a cellular There are more and more face-to-face "data congestions" in the backhaul connection from the site to another cell site. Some of these connections are also implemented using traditional methods such as long cables or optical fibers.
However, microwave RF, especially in the license-free 60 GHz band, is an attractive alternative to metal cables or optical fibers. In the United States, this license-free band ranges from 57 GHz to 64 GHz, while Japan expands to 59 GHz to 66 GHz, or 5 GHz overlap. This bandwidth supports data rates up to 1Gb/s. In addition, many millimeter-wave frequency bands (eg, 60 GHz) have atmospheric attenuation characteristics, so that it is almost impossible to eavesdrop on communications using these frequency bands, and it is possible to transmit sensitive data very safely.
Also a few years ago, the use of these frequencies for short range communication over the line-of-sight range was not economically viable. However, with the development of millimeter-wave frequency building block integrated circuits (ICs), especially silicon-based IC technologies such as silicon germanium (SiGe) or silicon CMOS devices, 60 GHz communication links have been developed as well as for automotive applications. The application of a 77 GHz adaptive cruise control system for licensed E-band point-to-point communications (71 GHz to 76 GHz and 81 GHz to 86 GHz), affordable millimeter-wave components for 94 GHz imaging and data communication systems has become possible.
For example, to make RF equipment more affordable, Vubiq used IBM-provided silicon germanium (SiGe) millimeter-wave ICs to develop low-cost, high-data-rate, backhaul RF devices that operate at 60 GHz. The company created a unique, patent-pending WR-15 waveguide package that integrates RF devices, embedded clocks, IF electronics, and support elements.
ELVA-1's millimeter wave division is located in St. Petersburg, Russia. The company has been designing and manufacturing millimeter-wave components, subsystems and test equipment since 1993. These products are mainly used in selected atmospheric absorption bands (such as 42GHz, 70GHz and 80GHz and 94GHz), thus supporting secure communications. As the largest millimeter wave hardware provider in Russia, ELVA-1 provides certified RF devices operating in the 71GHz to 76GHz, 81GHz to 86GHz and 92GHz to 95GHz frequency bands. These RF devices use complex modulation techniques to support full-duplex communications with capacities up to 1.25 Gb/s. These modulation techniques include Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM).
Backhaul RF equipment providers Exalt Communications and Bridgewave Communications provide return radios operating in the 42GHz and 60GHz licensed and unlicensed millimeter wave bands, respectively. Exalt's ExtremeAir outdoor RF equipment operates in the 42GHz licensed band and can operate up to 24 miles. Bridgewave's products work in the 60GHz and 80GHz bands and are ideal for shorter distance connections.
For companies that are designing millimeter-wave systems up from the component level, there are a large number of reliable component suppliers that can provide the passive and active components needed to assemble an RF transceiver or test system, such as Aerowave, Ducommun, Endwave, Herley Defense Electronics, Microsemi, Millitech, QuinStar Technology and Spacek Labs. Take Spacek for example, the company is able to supply both active and passive millimeter wave components, including amplifiers, filters, mixers, and Gunn oscillators up to 110GHz. To help design engineers work, Aerowave's Paul Chorney offers a variety of calculators (excel spreadsheets) that are useful for waveguide designs at millimeter-wave frequencies. Similarly, Ducommun has published several reference designs on its website, including rectangular and circular waveguides, flange types, and conversion charts.
One of the keys to developing affordable millimeter-wave device solutions is designing a reasonably priced package that fits these frequencies, and Endwave has successfully applied conventional surface-mount packages to millimeter wave applications. The company is a leading supplier of high-frequency monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) and integrated transmit/receive modules, and has internal requirements for high-performance, high-frequency packages. By reengineering the quad flat no-lead (QFN) package, Endwave's design engineers can double the effective upper limit frequency from 25GHz to 50GHz.
Although communication links provide the most promising opportunities for millimeter wave technology, millimeter wave technology can also be applied in other important market areas, including the war on terror. For example, Millivision has developed a passive threat detection system based on millimeter wave technology. These systems do not generate electromagnetic waves, but they can use passive millimeter-wave sensors to detect RF signals emitted by living organisms. These sensors are used together with the associated video cameras to detect a certain aspect of the target. The company's Automatic Threat Detection (ATD) tool incorporates the detected signal into a real-time video image so there is no need to directly observe the millimeter wave signal itself. These systems can recognize objects that are less than 2 inches in size on each side.
For the research project, SynView developed a three-dimensional (3D) imaging system based on terahertz frequency (100 GHz to 10 THz) imaging. Many materials like paper, plastics, and synthetics are transparent to terahertz radiation, making it possible to see inside the sealed container (very similar to X-ray radiation).
Finally, in order to adapt commercial test equipment (such as signal generators, spectrum analyzers, and VNAs) to the frequency range of millimeter-wave components for measurement purposes, many companies provide measurement accessories (such as multiplexers and VNA expanders), such as Companies such as Millitech, OML and Virginia Diodes. OML intends to extend the VNA module's frequency range up to 500 GHz, and Virginia Diodes has been able to provide VNA expanders operating in the 750 to 1050 GHz band.
The millimeter wave frequency range is generally considered to be from 30 GHz to 300 GHz, and the wavelength is about 1 mm to 10 mm. Because the wavelength is very short, the circuit size and structure are correspondingly very fine, and the processing difficulty is usually relatively large. Although the production of coaxial cables and connectors has been greatly improved and the coaxial line can support frequencies in the millimeter wave range (generally about 70 GHz), most of the higher millimeter wave frequency transmission lines are waveguides due to its The pipe-like appearance, the waveguide is often referred to as "pipe system." Waveguides come in many forms, including rectangular and circular. The specific dimensions are also related to frequency and wavelength. When the frequency is raised above 100 GHz, the size is very small.
Although there has historically been great difficulty in machining (and testing) millimeter wave components including antennas and waveguides, the available bandwidth is very attractive for many communication applications. For example, as the service providers of the latest wireless communication networks, including fourth generation (4G) cellular systems using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and WiMAX technologies, strive to meet the growing demand of users for transmitting large amounts of data, they are from a cellular There are more and more face-to-face "data congestions" in the backhaul connection from the site to another cell site. Some of these connections are also implemented using traditional methods such as long cables or optical fibers.
However, microwave RF, especially in the license-free 60 GHz band, is an attractive alternative to metal cables or optical fibers. In the United States, this license-free band ranges from 57 GHz to 64 GHz, while Japan expands to 59 GHz to 66 GHz, or 5 GHz overlap. This bandwidth supports data rates up to 1Gb/s. In addition, many millimeter-wave frequency bands (eg, 60 GHz) have atmospheric attenuation characteristics, so that it is almost impossible to eavesdrop on communications using these frequency bands, and it is possible to transmit sensitive data very safely.
Also a few years ago, the use of these frequencies for short range communication over the line-of-sight range was not economically viable. However, with the development of millimeter-wave frequency building block integrated circuits (ICs), especially silicon-based IC technologies such as silicon germanium (SiGe) or silicon CMOS devices, 60 GHz communication links have been developed as well as for automotive applications. The application of a 77 GHz adaptive cruise control system for licensed E-band point-to-point communications (71 GHz to 76 GHz and 81 GHz to 86 GHz), affordable millimeter-wave components for 94 GHz imaging and data communication systems has become possible.
For example, to make RF equipment more affordable, Vubiq used IBM-provided silicon germanium (SiGe) millimeter-wave ICs to develop low-cost, high-data-rate, backhaul RF devices that operate at 60 GHz. The company created a unique, patent-pending WR-15 waveguide package that integrates RF devices, embedded clocks, IF electronics, and support elements.
ELVA-1's millimeter wave division is located in St. Petersburg, Russia. The company has been designing and manufacturing millimeter-wave components, subsystems and test equipment since 1993. These products are mainly used in selected atmospheric absorption bands (such as 42GHz, 70GHz and 80GHz and 94GHz), thus supporting secure communications. As the largest millimeter wave hardware provider in Russia, ELVA-1 provides certified RF devices operating in the 71GHz to 76GHz, 81GHz to 86GHz and 92GHz to 95GHz frequency bands. These RF devices use complex modulation techniques to support full-duplex communications with capacities up to 1.25 Gb/s. These modulation techniques include Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM).
Backhaul RF equipment providers Exalt Communications and Bridgewave Communications provide return radios operating in the 42GHz and 60GHz licensed and unlicensed millimeter wave bands, respectively. Exalt's ExtremeAir outdoor RF equipment operates in the 42GHz licensed band and can operate up to 24 miles. Bridgewave's products work in the 60GHz and 80GHz bands and are ideal for shorter distance connections.
For companies that are designing millimeter-wave systems up from the component level, there are a large number of reliable component suppliers that can provide the passive and active components needed to assemble an RF transceiver or test system, such as Aerowave, Ducommun, Endwave, Herley Defense Electronics, Microsemi, Millitech, QuinStar Technology and Spacek Labs. Take Spacek for example, the company is able to supply both active and passive millimeter wave components, including amplifiers, filters, mixers, and Gunn oscillators up to 110GHz. To help design engineers work, Aerowave's Paul Chorney offers a variety of calculators (excel spreadsheets) that are useful for waveguide designs at millimeter-wave frequencies. Similarly, Ducommun has published several reference designs on its website, including rectangular and circular waveguides, flange types, and conversion charts.
One of the keys to developing affordable millimeter-wave device solutions is designing a reasonably priced package that fits these frequencies, and Endwave has successfully applied conventional surface-mount packages to millimeter wave applications. The company is a leading supplier of high-frequency monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) and integrated transmit/receive modules, and has internal requirements for high-performance, high-frequency packages. By reengineering the quad flat no-lead (QFN) package, Endwave's design engineers can double the effective upper limit frequency from 25GHz to 50GHz.
Although communication links provide the most promising opportunities for millimeter wave technology, millimeter wave technology can also be applied in other important market areas, including the war on terror. For example, Millivision has developed a passive threat detection system based on millimeter wave technology. These systems do not generate electromagnetic waves, but they can use passive millimeter-wave sensors to detect RF signals emitted by living organisms. These sensors are used together with the associated video cameras to detect a certain aspect of the target. The company's Automatic Threat Detection (ATD) tool incorporates the detected signal into a real-time video image so there is no need to directly observe the millimeter wave signal itself. These systems can recognize objects that are less than 2 inches in size on each side.
For the research project, SynView developed a three-dimensional (3D) imaging system based on terahertz frequency (100 GHz to 10 THz) imaging. Many materials like paper, plastics, and synthetics are transparent to terahertz radiation, making it possible to see inside the sealed container (very similar to X-ray radiation).
Finally, in order to adapt commercial test equipment (such as signal generators, spectrum analyzers, and VNAs) to the frequency range of millimeter-wave components for measurement purposes, many companies provide measurement accessories (such as multiplexers and VNA expanders), such as Companies such as Millitech, OML and Virginia Diodes. OML intends to extend the VNA module's frequency range up to 500 GHz, and Virginia Diodes has been able to provide VNA expanders operating in the 750 to 1050 GHz band.
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