The development of the automobile industry is closely related to the widespread use of electrical equipment, automatic devices and automatic systems. Today's automobiles have entered the era of computer control. Electrical appliances and electronic equipment are an important part of the automobile, and their performance will directly affect The power, economy, reliability, safety, exhaust purification and comfort of automobiles are widely used in automobiles. Computer technology and electronic technology have been deeply penetrated into all automobile systems, greatly promoting the development of the automobile industry in some high-end luxury In cars, the use of microcomputers has reached 48, accounting for more than 5% of the cost of the entire vehicle. At present, the level of automobile electronics has become an important indicator of the advanced level of automobiles. 1 Electronic control of automobile engines 1.1 Electronic ignition system The computer-controlled electronic ignition system is mainly composed of various sensor electronic controllers (ECU) related to ignition, ignition electronic components, ignition coils, distributor spark plugs, etc. The sensors are used to continuously collect information about the working conditions of the engine related to ignition, And input the collected data into the electronic controller As the basis for calculating and controlling the ignition timing. The sensors used in the electronic ignition system mainly include crankshaft angle sensor crankshaft speed sensor crankshaft reference position sensor intake pipe negative pressure sensor knock sensor air flow rate and intake temperature sensor, etc. The first two sensors It is used to detect the engine speed signal, and the engine speed signal is the most important basis for the microcomputer to determine the ignition advance angle. The data detected by other sensors is mainly used to modify the ignition advance angle and ignition timing. The electronic controller is also called The microcomputer controller, which is the center of the electronic ignition system, is used to receive the signal collected by the sensor, and after judging and calculating according to a certain program, output the best ignition timing and primary circuit conduction time control to the electronic ignition component Signal. The electronic ignition system controlled by microcomputer can make the engine be in the best ignition moment under any working condition, thereby further improving the power and economy of the engine and reducing exhaust pollution. 1.2 Electronically Controlled Fuel Injection System (EFI) The system is controlled by computer The device that controls the fuel supply is gaining popularity because of its superior performance. The electronically controlled fuel injection system uses the air-fuel ratio as the main control target, and uses the electronic controller to judge and calculate the data sent by various sensors to control the injection. The fuel injector directly and quickly injects gasoline directly into the engine cylinder with a certain oil pressure. The electronic controller mainly controls the fuel injection quantity according to the amount of intake air. The electronically controlled fuel injection system varies according to the injection position of the fuel injector. It can be divided into single-point injection system (SPI) and multi-point injection system (MPI). Multi-point injection system is to install an injector for each cylinder, while single-point injection system is only one or two injections in the entire system The oil heater is installed above the throttle. Compared with the traditional carburetor, the biggest feature of the electronically controlled fuel injection device is that it can save fuel and purify exhaust gas to the maximum while obtaining maximum power, so it is energy-saving , Effective measures to reduce blowdown 1.3 The idle speed control system (Idlespeedcontrol) adopts the engine speed feedback control method, which will be controlled by the cooling water temperature 1. The target engine speed determined by the air conditioning compressor load and the automatic transmission load is compared with the actual engine speed to determine the difference, and the actual speed is controlled by controlling the intake air of the engine to achieve the target speed, thereby enabling the engine to Under various idling conditions, it is in the best stable idling state. The sensors used in this system mainly include water temperature sensor, speed sensor, throttle position sensor, vehicle speed sensor and other idle speed control systems. There is no separate electronic controller, which is shared with the fuel injection system or ignition system. An electronic controller (ECU), so the system is not only simple, but also has high control accuracy. 1.4 Exhaust gas recirculation system (EGR) nitrogen oxides are one of the most harmful emissions of automobiles, and the amount of their production increases with the temperature of the combustion chamber. The main purpose of increasing the exhaust gas recirculation system (Exhaust Gas Recycle, EGR) is to suppress the formation of nitrogen oxides and to introduce part of the exhaust gas back into the intake system and combustible mixture into the cylinder for combustion, thereby reducing the temperature of the combustion chamber, Suppresses NOx generation 2 Electronic control of automotive transmission systems 21 Electronically Controlled Automatic Transmission (ECAT) This system enables the transmission to automatically change the speed of the vehicle according to vehicle speed, driver's wishes, road conditions, etc., without the need for the driver to manually shift gears. This system reduces the reflection time of the transmission and greatly improves the accuracy of the transmission. Electronically controlled automatic transmissions are mainly composed of electronically controlled hydraulic automatic transmissions and electronically controlled mechanical automatic transmissions. The power transmission part is mainly composed of hydraulic torque converter double-row planetary gear transmission splitter and power take-off. The force type is mainly composed of a fuel supply pump, a control valve that controls oil pressure and flow direction, and a solenoid valve. It is the same as other control systems. The electronically controlled automatic transmission system is also composed of a sensor microcomputer controller and an actuator. The microcomputer controller stores several A variety of shifting rules, and accept the command signal from the driver and the speed signal of the frequency generator, so that the driver can choose according to his own intentions to achieve the best gear control.
22 Electronic Control Suspension System Electronic control suspension system is divided into semi-active and active types. The semi-active electronically controlled suspension system can only adjust the damping force of the shock absorber. Each shock absorber is equipped with a rotary valve. The shock absorber drives the rotary valve according to the signal output by the ECU. When the rotation angle of the rotary valve changes , The total area of ​​the damper orifice of the shock absorber will change, so that the damping force of the shock absorber will change. The electronically controlled active suspension system can be controlled by the electronic controller according to the sensor signals of the body height, vehicle speed, steering, braking force, etc. The execution unit adjusts the rigidity of the suspension, the damping force of the shock absorber, the height of the body and the posture, so that the stability of the car is in the best state. 3 electronic control of the safe driving of the car 3.1 automatic anti-lock braking system (ABS) The system is an important safety device with the longest development time and the most rapid application. It is generally composed of a wheel speed sensor pressure adjustment device, an ABS warning light, and some relays. It can make a car running at high speed automatically when braking. Adjust the braking force of the wheels to obtain the best slip rate. During braking, as the braking force increases, the deceleration of the wheels also increases. When the deceleration of the wheels reaches the pre-set value, the anti-lock braking system keeps the braking force at a constant state. When the deceleration further increases, the ECU sends a command to the actuator to reduce the braking force of the wheels , Which prevents the wheels from locking and thus improves the steering stability of the car, reduces the braking distance, and improves the driving safety of the car. 3.2 Drive anti-skid system (ASR) This system uses sensors to slip the wheels Monitor and input the collected information into the ECU, then according to the result of the ECU processing, the wheel slip can be inhibited by controlling the output power of the engine or applying braking force to the slip wheels, so that the wheels can obtain maximum adhesion. Therefore, cars using ASR have good traction and driving stability. 3.3 Electronically Controlled Airbag System (SRS) Electrical airbags are mainly composed of sensor electronic controllers, gas generators, and airbags. When the car crashes, micro-processing The device determines the severity of the impact based on the information collected by the collision sensor, and inflates the gas generator to the airbag within a few milliseconds, thereby playing a buffering and protective role for the driver.
3.4 Electronic Brake Force Distribution System (EBD) This system can detect the difference in load between the front and rear wheels and the locking situation when the car is braking, and uses the adjustment device to automatically distribute the braking force to obtain the best braking effect. EBD is usually associated with ABS ― The ABS system equipped with EBD can further shorten the braking distance of the car and greatly improve the safety of the car during braking. 3.5 Seat belt control device When the car crashes or emergency brakes, it will produce a large Inertia, causing the driver and occupant to collide with the steering wheel or windshield twice and suffer serious injuries. The seat belt can fix the occupant on the seat and absorb a large amount of momentum during a collision to avoid the occurrence of a second collision. At present, the seat belt is mainly divided into a three-point inertial reel type, a two-point type and a pre-tensioned seat belt 3 Species. Among them, the ECU in the preloaded seat belt can detect the deceleration of the car according to the sensor. If the detected value is greater than the preset value, the ECU will activate the pretension device to fix the driver on the seat.
4 The application of electronic technology in other aspects of automobiles With the continuous progress of electronic technology, more and more sensors are used in cars, their role is equivalent to human eyes, nose and ears. With their help, cars can Automatically determine the location and movement status of surrounding objects; sniff the smell of surrounding air; distinguish the size and direction of sound.
The artificial eye of the car uses the sensor to emit infrared or ultrasonic waves and receive the return signal to determine the distance between the car and the vehicle. If the measured distance is greater than the preset value, the alarm device will send an alarm signal to warn the driver. The artificial ear of the car can detect the noise emitted by the engine, and select the corresponding background music according to different noise to offset the interference of the noise to the driver. The artificial nose of the car can be used for the intelligent control of the air conditioner, for example, if other vehicles emit thicker Exhaust gas, the control device will automatically turn off the external circulation system of the air conditioner according to the signal collected by the sensor, and start the internal circulation system to adjust the temperature in the car. The above briefly introduces the application of electronic technology on modern cars, as the era develops , The car will become more and more electronic and intelligent, which will definitely bring greater convenience to humans (continued on page 10), and the abbreviations of military services, consulates, and police cars. In this article, only the standard vehicle license plates are identified. The Chinese characters in the license plates are the abbreviations of the provinces and municipalities, with a total of 34 Chinese characters. Due to limited conditions, only a small number of characters are taken from the gray-scale image of the license plate, and the rest are Chinese characters of similar fonts selected in the font. All character images are pre-processed and normalized to 1 ※: 16 black and white binarized images, as shown by the mm decay chart i license plate character table 1 linear kernel function: K (x, y) = x. Average SV Number average consumption time / s average recognition rate Table 2 Polynomial kernel function: K (x, y) = average SV number Average consumption time / s average recognition rate table 3 Radial basis function: K (x,) = e average SV number The average consumption time / s average recognition rate experiment results show that when different kernel functions have little effect on the recognition rate, the recognition rate will be slightly different when the parameters of the kernel function change, so it is necessary to select the appropriate parameters according to the experiment in order to improve the system. For the recognition speed, the radial basis function is finally selected as the kernel function in this paper. Table 4 Average SV Number Average Elapsed Time / S Average Recognition Rate% 4 Conclusion Use the SVM algorithm to recognize Chinese characters in license plates without character feature extraction The experimental results of high recognition rate and recognition speed show that the recognition rate of the system is high when there are few training samples, and it has the advantages of simple algorithm, no prior knowledge, easy control and good stability. In the text Comparing different kernel functions, the results show that the recognition rate is not much different, and the recognition time is slightly different. The choice of kernel function is very important, but so far, there is no recognized better selection criteria. How to determine the appropriate kernel function and its parameters need to be further studied
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