A servo motor is a type of motor used in a servo system to control the movement of mechanical components. It functions as an auxiliary motor that provides indirect transmission. Also known as an actuator motor, it plays a crucial role in automatic control systems by converting electrical signals into angular displacement or angular velocity on its shaft. Servo motors are primarily divided into two categories: DC and AC servo motors. One of the key features of a servo motor is that when no signal voltage is applied, it does not rotate. As torque increases, the rotational speed decreases gradually and uniformly. This makes them highly suitable for precise control applications where accuracy is essential. The main function of a servo motor is to accurately control both speed and position. They are widely used in robotics, automation, and other precision-driven systems. DC servo motors come in two types: brushed and brushless. Brushed motors are cost-effective, have a simple design, offer high starting torque, and are easy to control and maintain. However, they require regular maintenance due to carbon brush wear, and they may generate electromagnetic interference. These motors are often used in general industrial and residential applications where cost is a primary concern. Brushless motors, on the other hand, are compact, lightweight, and provide higher output power with faster response times. They operate at high speeds, have low inertia, and deliver smooth rotation and stable torque. Although their control is more complex, they are easier to integrate with smart systems. They use electronic commutation, which can be either square wave or sine wave, offering greater flexibility. Brushless motors are maintenance-free, energy-efficient, and have a longer lifespan, making them ideal for a wide range of environments. AC servo motors are also brushless and are typically divided into synchronous and asynchronous types. In modern motion control systems, synchronous motors are most commonly used. They have a broad power range and can handle high power levels. However, they tend to have higher inertia, and their maximum rotational speed decreases rapidly as power increases. Therefore, they are best suited for applications that require low-speed, smooth operation.
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