A servo motor is a type of motor used to control the movement of mechanical components within a servo system. It functions as an auxiliary motor that provides indirect transmission. Also known as an actuator motor, it plays a crucial role in automatic control systems by converting electrical signals into angular displacement or angular velocity on the motor shaft. Servo motors are typically divided into two main categories: DC and AC servo motors. One of their key characteristics is that when the signal voltage is zero, the motor does not rotate. As the torque increases, the rotational speed decreases gradually and uniformly. The primary function of a servo motor is to provide precise control over both speed and position. This makes them ideal for applications where accuracy is essential, such as robotics, automation, and precision machinery. DC servo motors can be further classified into brushed and brushless types. Brushed motors are cost-effective, have a simple structure, and offer a wide speed range with easy control. However, they require regular maintenance due to carbon brush wear and may generate electromagnetic interference. These motors are commonly used in general industrial and residential applications where cost is a key factor. On the other hand, brushless motors are more compact, lightweight, and efficient. They offer high-speed performance, low inertia, smooth rotation, and stable torque. Although they are more complex to control and require electronic commutation, they are maintenance-free, have longer lifespans, and produce less electromagnetic noise. Their flexibility allows for square wave or sine wave commutation, making them suitable for advanced and intelligent systems. AC servo motors are generally brushless and can be either synchronous or asynchronous. In modern motion control systems, synchronous motors are most commonly used. They can handle a wide range of power outputs, making them ideal for heavy-duty applications. However, they tend to have higher inertia and lower maximum speeds, which decrease as power increases. Therefore, they are best suited for applications requiring smooth and controlled low-speed operation.
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