Editor's Note: Prof. Zhang Shouyi is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Fellow of the American Physical Society, a Foreign Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He is currently a professor at JG Jackson and CJ Wood at Stanford University. His main contributions include research on topological insulators, quantum spin Hall effect, spintronics, and high-temperature superconductivity. The quantum spin Hall effect proposed by his research team in 2006 was evaluated by Science. As one of the “Top 10 Key Scientific Breakthroughs in the World†in 2007, he is also considered to be one of the strongest contenders for the Nobel Prize in Physics.
On September 9, 2016, Prof. Zhang Shouyi published a speech on artificial intelligence and technological innovation in Chongqing. He introduced the main content of his research and the position of Moore's Law in scientific innovation, and described it in terms of his own investment. The development and future of artificial intelligence in your own eyes. The following is the content of the speech.
Artificial intelligence has always been a problem for me to think about. The topic shared today is " science, innovation and investment ." Science I talk about my own scientific research and artificial intelligence related content.
There is a saying that the advancement of science and technology is far more than the evolution of human beings. The reason why technology and information technology have such rapid growth is one of the main reasons is the so-called Moore's Law , which means that our calculation capacity is every 18 The month is doubled and it has been conducted in accordance with Moore's Law.
Future developments will encounter a bottleneck if they push forward with conventional technologies using Moore's Law. For example, Mr. Zheng Fei, who was at this year’s science and technology conference, also mentioned that he now feels that the biggest crisis is Moore’s law crisis . Why does it happen? It is because everyone feels that if you put a computer on your lap, it will be very hot, because the energy consumption of the electrons in the calculation process is also very strong. If the heat generated by each three-stage tube is similar, Once every 18 months, doubled, the divergence of heat is also doubled.
But for scientists, this is a very good opportunity. We see if we can find a new type of innovative Moore's Law that can continue to move forward. Moore's Law will encounter such a problem: In the fair market, imagine that you are a sports car, it is always in the crash when the market, if you can not emit heat will be hindered. If you think of this principle, you can think of why we don't make a highway for electronics at the chip level. This is the invention of my scientific research. Electronics have a concept of a lane at the chip level, and they can communicate with each other without interference. On the right we can taillights. The car moves forward. On the left, we move forward. If we can implement the motion pattern of the highway at the electronic chip level, we really have a new working principle. Moore's Law can advance.
I live in Silicon Valley, and Silicon Valley has driven the development of human information technology. That year, a gentleman invented the triode and received the Nobel Prize. He and his children founded a lot of semiconductor companies, and then slowly developed into a lot like today's Silicon Valley. Information company. Today, all over the world, especially in almost every region of China, wants to become a new Silicon Valley. The new Silicon Valley also needs to seize a historic opportunity. If there is not a historic opportunity, we always walk behind Silicon Valley. However, the crisis that Moore’s Law met today creates a great opportunity for us. In ancient Chinese languages, the crisis of crisis is a crisis and an opportunity. This is stronger than English. The English noun seems to have no other meaning. . If we can really find a new principle, it is tantamount to reshuffling the entire information technology. We may be able to seize new opportunities in the process of reshuffling.
So in my scientific research, I predicted that electrons could behave differently at the chip level like highways, and they didn't interfere with each other. And we previewed a series of successful materials. Therefore, everyone in the new material research must seize the entire scientific community. the trend of. So my research has enabled electronics to run in lanes in these new materials. We heard a new material, graphene, but we found a material that is even more superior to its next generation. Graphene is an atomic layer composed of carbon atoms. We invented a new material, the basic structure and graphite. The olefins are almost the same, constitute an atomic layer on a binary plane, and are a honeycomb structure. So this new material allows the electronics to truly do the same at the chip level, just like the blue and red tracks shown at the bottom right of the picture. So there is an international organization in the field of semiconductors. Each year a new article is published, pointing out the prospects for the development of semiconductor technology in the next year. He pointed out that the material I invented will be a revolution that can really bring about semiconductor technology .
Every time in the Chinese world, it seems that the latest technology always has to follow others. However, because this technology was first invented by me, every time I return to China, I have developed very close cooperation with domestic universities and academies. We have It is possible to really catch up in this area and reach the leading level in the world. In addition this material can also be a very good hot spot material. Quantum calculations can also be done at the same time, which is not the same as usual calculations. It can be done in parallel, so that many classic computer calculations can be calculated in a very short time.
Therefore, due to the work of these scientific researches, I won many international awards. One of them is the Franklin Prize. The first thing I feel is privileged. My previous scientific idols were Einstein and Newton. After winning the Franklin Prize, I had a new role model for my whole life. Because Franklinck is a great scientist, everyone may be studying in elementary school. He had heard a story that led lightning to the ground when he threw lightning and put the kite on the ground during thunderstorms, so he was an amazing scientist. At the same time, he was an inventor. He invented the lightning rod. He was also a great politician. He was the drafter of the United States "Declaration of Independence." Today we open a hundred-dollar bill and we can see his head. . And he is also a very great entrepreneur, so we say that today is a gathering of scientists and entrepreneurs. Franklinck is both a scientist and a politician.
The Franklin Prize made me have a new understanding of life. We lack a lot of scientists in this era, but not many scientists and entrepreneurs, so I think today I just met the timing of China's dual creation, I can not do Some contributions. It is also a coincidence that I can make some contributions. I have been teaching at Stanford for 23 years. I have had a chance by chance in the past 23 years. Nearly one-third of teachers at Stanford are living in school. A very effective demarcation can be done in the communication with the neighbors. I have a neighbor who founded a successful company. I did an angel investment for him. He is a very important foundation in the cloud computing. This company is listed. After the highest market value reached a market value of 48 billion US dollars, so he led the development of the entire cloud computing, is a small company my neighbor founded that year. I think that since there is such a good opportunity, I am at Stanford University and Chinese again, and I have encountered the opportunity for China's dual creation. Therefore, I decided to start a venture capital institution.
The areas we cover now are already very hot. There is big data , mobile Internet , and artificial intelligence . In the upper right corner, what we see is that we invest in artificial intelligence companies. If we use artificial intelligence, there are two ways:
One is to do calculations using a large amount of data in the cloud. Only a few large companies can do that. However, if the robot is small enough to be at home, it should be smart enough that no cloud computing power can be calculated on a small chip.
In addition, biotechnology is also very much in need of artificial intelligence. One is to read many pictures of medicine through artificial intelligence, such as looking at pictures of X-rays, looking at pictures of ultrasounds, and looking at pictures of nuclear magnetic resonance. We also did a very good layout of biological genes.
So today is about artificial intelligence. I will use this opportunity to share with you some of my ideas about artificial intelligence. The reason why artificial intelligence can grow by leaps and bounds in the recent period is mainly due to several reasons. One is that Moore's Law I just talked about is related to the fact that our computing power doubles every 18 months. Can do very fast information processing, the unit can do more machine processing than the human brain neurons are much more. If the machine chips can imitate human brain neurons, a neural network can be formed. The era of big data makes it possible to learn quickly. 
Artificial intelligence is still just a stage in the bionics. It can be used as an analogy. For example, humans have been very longing for flying. The reason why we are flying is to see that birds can fly and see birds fly. We think we can also One wing flies. For example, the great artist Leonardo da Vinci once designed a human body to help one wing fly, so this is a simple bionics. But we really can learn to fly because we understand the principle of flight, that is aerodynamics. Once we understand the principles of flight, we can build large planes. Large planes do not look exactly like birds but because they are from birds. From the inspiration from the other side, we truly understand the principle of flight based on theory. That is aerodynamics. Once we have aerodynamics, we can create a better aircraft than bionics, far more than birds. . So this is the biggest challenge for artificial intelligence. Nowadays, artificial intelligence still only uses the principle of neuron bionics, but we really need to understand an intelligent theoretical basis.
I can share with you a situation where my son just graduated from the Department of Physics at Harvard University last year. He is a very good physics student. He used to have an international Olympic gold medal in high school. After he graduated from the Department of Physics at Harvard University, he was immediately admitted to the company with the highest level of artificial intelligence (Deepmind). What he specifically studied was how to understand the principles of intelligent mathematics and physics. Therefore, I think that we should not only follow the trend in artificial intelligence and follow the bionics in the phenomenon. China has talented enough talents. I also want to make a difference in this regard, that is, I can truly understand the theoretical basis of intelligence. We can only make rapid progress after understanding the aerodynamics of flying. Once we understand the theoretical basis of artificial intelligence, we can truly make rapid progress.
With artificial intelligence, how do we know that this species has come or has passed humanity ? A great scientist once proposed a test standard: if you talk to a robot or person and you don’t know if the person or the robot is behind you, after a day of talking you don’t feel like a human or a robot. It shows that the standard has been met. I think this verdict is not scientific. We have a lot of irrational places. You let the robot fully learn the irrational place of man. One is not easy, and the other is not necessary. So I want to come up with a completely objective standard: how can our new species really evolve beyond the human age and make this new species a scientific prophecy . For example, we know that Einstein predicted gravitational waves a hundred years ago. If artificial intelligence can make a new prophecy one day, and we humans do not know it, this time will come.
But I think this era is not a terrible time because you see that the entire biological world is also built up one by one to really form an ecosystem, so I think the world in the future is human-computer interaction and harmony.
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