Why is the power supply design switched to 48V? What do you need to know?
Current applications improve performance by:
• Enhanced processing power • Increased communication rate • Increased operating speed • Increased peripherals • Increased torque • Increased LED brightness
Achieving "more features" requires more power. Higher power is generally limited by size and/or weight limitations. This is why more and more industries are shifting from conventional 12V distribution to higher voltage 48V distribution.
Why use 48V?
I2R losses in the system can be detrimental to system efficiency and can significantly reduce the power supplied to the load due to cable, connector and/or PCB limitations.
For example, the processor power consumption in the server has increased from less than 100W to 200W, 300W or even higher. If higher voltage distribution or larger copper busses are not used, the increased power allocated to multiple server processors will result in more losses. Not just the server, any loss in the design of the power supply increases with the square of the current.
Higher voltage distribution reduces I2R losses. For example, the 48V power distribution scheme can reduce power consumption by a factor of 16 compared to the 12V power distribution scheme. The loss reduction is so huge, how can someone use a low voltage (such as 12V) power distribution scheme?
The reason is that if a higher voltage converter is compared to a lower voltage converter, the high voltage power distribution scheme actually reduces overall efficiency, increases cost and increases size/weight.
But these drawbacks of the converter have basically become history. Today, engineers can not only reduce I2R losses, but also utilize higher voltage converters that achieve similar or better efficiency, cost, and size/weight specifications than lower voltage converters.
The phone is the beginning... 
We should be grateful for the development of modern telephones and telephone switches, which were the first to use 48V. As you might expect, the communications industry is based on 48V and still uses 48V.
why? It is more efficient because the losses (as a percentage of the operating voltage) as a function of distance are lower, the standard line requirements are lower, the battery backup (also because the negative reference voltage is 48V) is simple, and the voltage level is safe.
What is the new 48V? is it safe?
Many people regard the use of 48V outside the communications field as a "new 48V" because it is a positive voltage, has no lightning strike or surge requirements, and is generally limited to a smaller range of 30V to 60V.
Voltages below the 60V DC limit are considered Safe Extra Low Voltage (SELV) for their processing requirements compared to 12V applications. The 48V power distribution scheme minimizes I2R losses without causing SELV problems.
What areas is the 48V currently used for?
According to reports, 48V is currently widely used in data centers, automobiles, LED lighting, industrial equipment and even power tools. 48V is now everywhere, it can be said that 48V is the new 12V. 
Large-scale adoption of "48V" in data centers
The power consumption and power requirements of data centers and supercomputers are comparable to those of small countries, and efficiency is the key to these high-performance computing centers. With the surge in attention to artificial intelligence, computing solutions require processors to keep up with ever-increasing power demands.
However, providing higher processor power presents a real challenge to using traditional 12V power and maintaining efficiency. As a result, engineers turned to 48V power distribution to achieve higher levels of power distribution to overcome these challenges.
Google uses 48V
One example of using 48V is Google. Google engineers publicly discussed the benefits and cost savings of 48V in their data centers at the 2017 Application Power Electronics Conference (APEC2017) and the 2017 Open Computing Projects Conference (OCP2017).
In addition, in the 2017 Green 500, a 48V solution that was unveiled at the Supercomputer Conference is a bright spot.
The Green 500 is the ranking of the most efficient high performance computer systems. Four of the top five of the Green 500 this year are systems designed by Japanese company PEZY. The company uses 48V power distribution throughout its computer system.
Commercial LED panels are brighter and less expensive
Have you ever thought about the cost of lighting in Times Square overnight? The size and power requirements of these huge outdoor LED screens have been growing exponentially for the past 10 years.
LED panel performance continues to increase, resulting in higher LED pixel density and brightness. Engineers designing these new panels are turning to 48V power distribution to increase efficiency while reducing wire size and weight.
In addition to increasing efficiency, these larger facilities can benefit from lighter weight and ease of installation. Today, an array of smaller panels can be assembled together to create a brighter, more durable unified display that reduces shipping and installation.
For AC power distribution used in retail store wall-mounted displays and transportation center information displays, 48V power distribution also provides a lower cost, safer alternative.
Power tools urgently need more torque 
Consumer and professional battery-powered tools follow a similar trend, turning to higher voltages to provide more power. Greater power allows the tool to achieve longer run times and greater torque. The battery development process for wireless power tools is this: from about 9V to about 12V, to about 18V to about 20V, then to about 24V, to the current 48V and 60V.
In any home center, you can find a variety of 60V battery power tools, some from well-known companies such as DeWalt, and some from emerging companies such as the lesser-known Greenworks. Similarly, you'll find a variety of lighter patio power tools, such as Snapper's high-performance 60V chain saws and lawn mowers.
Drive the car to use 48V
By adding some components to the existing internal combustion engine vehicle, the fuel efficiency of the light hybrid vehicle can be increased by more than 10%. Automotive engineers (such as Delphi's automotive engineers) are using a 48V power distribution scheme in a light hybrid vehicle to reduce the load on the internal combustion engine by powering the accessory during the "stop" phase of the "start-stop" operation. The original design used a pure 12V battery solution, but the system was not fully powered during the stop phase and could not fully operate all functions in the car. The 48V solution has now proven to be the most efficient alternative.
Powering robots and industrial equipment 
Industrial equipment covers a wide range of products, and they are taking advantage of the 48V, for the same reason.
• Kiva Systems is a robotic execution system for large warehouses that is providing full support for Amazon warehouses using 48V power distribution.
• Advantest uses 48V to minimize the wire size of its ATE products to increase power through thinner wires.
• CAT offers a 48V warehouse autoloader. Other examples of 48V applications are process control, manufacturing equipment, and factory automation equipment.
48V is 12V
If you need more power, consider 48V power distribution. Engineers have found that the losses caused by the increased power of only 12V distribution are constraining their systems. Today's enhanced 48V converters/regulators offer high efficiency, low cost and small size/lightweight advantages over 12V systems.
Many power supply designs are gaining more advantages by replacing multiple intermediate-level regulators with a single regulator that can be directly converted from 48V to load voltage without first regulating to 12V.
The 48V DC/DC has grown tremendously over the past few years, and a number of component suppliers have now offered 48V solutions. Vicor's 48V DC/DC regulators and isolated converters deliver efficiency, density and cost performance through several proprietary design technologies, including:
• High-efficiency switching topology such as zero-voltage switching • 3D packaging technology for high-density power supplies such as SM-Chip packages
In addition, engineers who are designing 48V systems can use Vicor's online selection/design tools to reduce design time and ensure an optimized solution.
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