For the circuit tube amplifier to come up with good sound, the designed circuit should be simple, less resistance-capacitance components, and fewer stages of the amplification circuit to reduce distortion. Therefore, the single-ended output amplifier in the early years had only one-stage voltage amplification and one-stage power amplification. Amplifiers have only two stages of common cathode voltage amplification, and even only one stage voltage amplification and one stage cathode output device.
Although the cathode output device (also known as buffer stage) has no voltage gain, it has a good filtering buffer function and impedance conversion performance, which reduces the output impedance and can be well matched with the power amplifier of the rear stage. The second-stage power amplifier is isolated to eliminate mutual interference noise and avoid unstable work. If the input stage of the power amplifier is a cathode output device, it can also provide enough driving current (because the cathode output device generally uses a very large bile duct), which can reduce distortion, so some antique famous machines (such as Marantz 9) input stage It is designed as a buffer level.
Try to use direct coupling between stages, because the capacity and quality of the coupling capacitor have a greater impact on frequency response and timbre. With direct coupling, the signal transmission is very easy, and the loss of weak signals is also small, which creates conditions for the excellent performance of the whole machine.
Although the circuit of various electronic tube machines is basically the same, the selection tube is not the same. Some people like to use EL34, while others like to use 6L6. As long as they are designed and tuned well, they can produce unique tone amplifiers.
Commonly used power amplifier circuits for tube amplifiers include Class A amplifier single-ended output circuits, Class B or AB push-pull amplifier output circuits, and OTL circuits without output transformers. The Class A amplified single-ended output circuit is simple, has few components, and has no crossover distortion. From the perspective of listening to music, the single-ended A-type amplifier has the most beautiful and pure sound. Although the output power is small, the control power is good, the response is fast, the sound is fine and clear, and the frequency response is wide. The single-ended output machine is more suitable for direct-heating three-pole power amplifier tubes, such as 2A3, 300B, 211, 845, etc. Because the triode power amplifier tube has good linearity and low harmonic distortion. When the 2A3, 300B single-ended output is too small, the output power can be increased by connecting two tubes in parallel, but the output impedance will also be reduced by half. Existing masters use parallel output and still use the original output transformer to obtain beautiful sound. The push-pull output machine requires the characteristics of the two power amplifier tubes to be the same, and in order to obtain two signals with positive and negative opposite, there must be a phase splitter , So the circuit is more complicated. Push-pull amplifiers have large output power, low distortion, and high fidelity, so they are used by many famous machines.
Regardless of whether it is a single-ended output machine or a push-pull output machine, an output transformer with excellent performance is required to come up with good sound. In the primary coil of the single-ended output transformer, there is always DC current passing through. To avoid distortion caused by the magnetic saturation of the core, the core needs to have a gap. To maintain the inductance, the volume of the core needs to be increased, so the price is more expensive.
The general welder often imitates the circuit of the famous machine, because the circuit is mature and easy to succeed, but generally does not get the tone of the famous machine. This is because there are many factors for the beautiful machine, the circuit, the tube, the resistance component, the wire, the production process, The comprehensive results of school calibration and so on, and some components are not available on the market, they are developed or commissioned by the manufacturer to be specially processed, so imitation can only get the results that they think are satisfactory.
Famous machines with relatively simple circuits such as Williamson amplifiers and Dynaco amplifiers are easier to manufacture, with more copyers, sufficient components, and well-made methods, and the results are not bad. The Dynaco circuit is shown in Figure 1. The input stage V1 and the inverting and driving stage V2 use the triode-pentode composite tube 6F2. V1 can also use the 8-pin tube 6J8P, and the inverting stage can be replaced with 6N1 or 6N8P. The power amplifier tube uses 6P3P or EL34, and 6V6GT can also be used, which can create a charming tone.
If you make a single-ended output machine, you can use 2A3 (or 300B) as the output, 6V6GT for the driving stage, 12AX7 or 6N9P, 6SQ7GT, 6J8P, etc. for the input stage.
The circuit of the bile pre-amplifier is relatively simple. It can be amplified by two-stage common cathode, or one-stage common cathode amplification plus one-stage cathode output, and then add loop negative feedback to adjust the gain. Figure 2 is the preamplifier circuit of the famous machine MaTIsse Reference. The input stage uses 12AX7 and the output stage uses 12AT7. Its high-frequency characteristics are good. The details are clear and rich, and the distortion is small. Due to the large output capacitance, the volume and strength of the bass are good. The power supply voltage of the amplifier tube screen of this machine is high, so the withstand voltage requirements of the filter capacitor and the cross-link capacitor are also high. For a strong music taste, V2 can be replaced with 6V6GT, 12AX7 or 6V6GT, which are all music-type amplifier tubes.
The high voltage of the power supply part can use the π-shaped filter circuit of the bile tube rectification and the choke coil. The B + voltage is very smooth, and the whole machine will have a pure bile taste. Since the current of the amplifier is not large, the capacity of the filter capacitor need not be too large, and 100uF is enough. The quality of the rectifier tube, choke coil, and filter capacitor has a greater influence on the sound effect of the amplifier. If the half-wave rectifier circuit of a high-voltage semiconductor diode is used, the peak value of the output voltage is √2E (E is the effective value voltage of the input AC), and some famous amplifiers (such as the Matisse preamplifier introduced earlier) amplify the tube The power supply voltage of the screen electrode is about 400V. If the voltage of the secondary high-voltage line pack of the power transformer is low, the full-wave rectification can not reach 400V. The voltage doubler rectification of the semiconductor diode can be used. The output voltage can reach 2.8E, and then the wire winding The potentiometer adjusts the required B + voltage. If the withstand voltage of the filter capacitor is not enough, two capacitors can be connected in series and then connected to a voltage-equalizing resistor. In order to improve the working stability of the amplifier circuit, the output end of the B_ circuit can be provided with a voltage stabilizing circuit. The voltage stabilizing tube can be an inflatable voltage stabilizing tube, such as WY3P, WY4P, etc., or a high voltage back pressure high power transistor voltage stabilizing circuit. Or three-terminal regulator LM317K voltage regulator circuit.
Components 1. Tube is the heart of a tube amplifier. It is generally believed that European and American brand-name electronic tubes have the most beautiful sound and can be used best. Domestic tubes have been manufactured for decades, and various brands of tubes such as Beijing, Dawning, Guiguang, and Nanjing also have a bold tone. At present, the advanced direct-heating triode power amplifier tubes and rectifier tubes manufactured by Tianjin Full Music have excellent performances, which have been adopted by famous machines and are also available on the market.
2. The power size and quality of the power transformer have a great influence on the sound effect of the amplifier. The quality is good. A transformer with enough power can make the amplifier have sufficient power supply, stable sound, high signal-to-noise ratio, and low current density in the copper wire of the primary The performance of the middle and low bass, the sense of volume, the strength and clarity of the bass are all beneficial, and the music software of any content can be leisurely.
The power transformer has an E1-shaped iron core, a toroidal transformer and an R-shaped transformer. The transformer with E1-shaped iron core has a soft tone, thick mid and low frequencies, but a large magnetic leakage. The toroidal transformer has low magnetic leakage, high signal-to-noise ratio of the amplifier, clear and detailed sound, and clear details. There should be an electrostatic isolation layer between the primary and secondary of the power transformer, and the isolation layer should be well grounded when welding. In order to reduce magnetic leakage, some E1 iron core transformers are made into double-layer shields, see Figure 3, with excellent performance. The preamplifier made by this transformer has a high signal-to-noise ratio and a pure, thick tone.
3. Output transformer Whether the amplifier is a single-ended output or a push-pull output, the good sound is all supported by the output transformer with excellent performance. The primary requirement of the output transformer is that the inductance is large enough to ensure the sense of low frequency and dive, and the output transformer must have a small distributed capacitance and magnetic leakage, and the high frequency can meet the requirements. Those who are not experienced in winding transformers still use reliable products from famous manufacturers or experts.
Low-frequency choke coils generally use the specifications of E1 shaped iron core 10H / 0.3A or 0.25A. The filtering effect and sound output can meet the requirements. The amplifier with large output power and large current change need to use 5H. The sound of oil immersed choke coils of MBLE, which is praised by enthusiasts, is also good, but the capacity is small, the inductance is 2H, the current is 0.13A, and the effect of a filter is poor. The second order should be used and the filter capacitor should be appropriately increased. Due to the small capacity, it is more suitable for the pre-amplifier power supply, or in the filter circuit of the power amplifier's pre-amplifier power supply, the C-shaped choke can achieve 10H / 0.3A, the sound effect is surging, the music details are rich, and the level is clear , The sound is clear, the middle and low bass are thick.
4. Resistance-capacitance components Generally, older resistance-capacitance components can be used to obtain the sound of traditional amplifiers, and if combined with modern high-tech products, the playback equipment can also have the atmosphere of modern audio. Commonly used feverish electrolytic capacitors are: MALLORY, SPRAGUE, ROE, PHILIPS, Japanese ELNA audio special electrolytic capacitors, rubies and other foreign electrolytic capacitors, domestically produced Tianhe and Heping brand electrolytic capacitors. EW or other brands of canned oil immersed capacitors, etc., the capacitors used for inter-stage cross-connection are: oil immersed capacitors of SPRAGUE, TCC or other companies, WIMA, SOLEN polypropylene capacitors, Japan ELNA SILAMIC audio coupling dedicated capacitors, and New Decker , Polypropylene capacitors for Kaili amplifiers, the old-style paper dielectric capacitors with domestic wax seals, and foreign antique film capacitors, copper film, silver film capacitors, etc. These capacitors have their own characteristics, and can be used with the sound of the playback equipment.
There are many varieties of resistors available. AB carbon resistance, RT carbon film resistance, DALE resistance and other music taste is better, the sound is warmer, and the music taste of the red gun resistance is also good. Some foreign wire-wound resistors and precision metal film resistors are used at the screen load resistance and cathode resistance of the amplifier tube. The sound is very clear, the details are rich, and they can be used properly.
The volume potentiometer is related to the timbre of the amplifier, the signal-to-noise ratio, the accuracy of the stereo, and the control of the volume. The audio signal must pass through it and be controlled by it. It is a very important component. Goods. The wiring of the volume potentiometer should be correct, and the volume of the volume potentiometer shell of the metal shell should be well grounded. The volume potentiometer has three terminals and four terminals. One of the four terminals is a tap on the carbon film for connecting to the loudness control circuit. The connection method is shown in Figure 4.
If there is no equal loudness circuit, this pin is left unused. There is also a balance potentiometer, which is only set on the higher-end famous machines. Its function is to adjust the two-channel balance (the volume potentiometer is not completely synchronized; the two channels of the amplifier are not completely balanced or the listening environment is asymmetrical). Make stereo sound better and sound image more accurate. The balance potentiometer is represented by the letter MN, which is different from the volume potentiometer and cannot be replaced with a volume potentiometer. The connection is shown in Figure 5 (a), and the connection of the two potentiometers on the amplifier is shown in Figure 5 (b). W1 (500KMN) for balance adjustment and W2 (100KA) for volume adjustment. Under normal circumstances, place W1 in the middle soft positioning position, a little twisting left and right will have obvious effect.
5. Tube base The electronic tube transmits signals and provides power through the tube base. The performance of the tube base also has a great impact on the playback effect. When the pins of the socket are in poor contact with the electronic pins, the contact resistance is large, and the signal is lost during the transmission process, especially the weak signal will be lost, making the music details reduced and blurred, and the power supply voltage may also be reduced, so the socket should be Use good varieties, good contact, and close use. The two models in Figure 6 are American bakelite eight-pin sockets and foreign ceramic sockets. The structure of the terminals of these sockets is slightly different from that of the domestic sockets. They are very tightly bitten with the electronic pins and have a large contact area. , So the contact resistance is very small, so the performance of transmitting information and power is good. Before using the electronic pin, you should check whether the pin is clean, whether there is an oxide layer or rust, etc. Before use, the oxide layer should be wiped off with a fine emery cloth to expose the luster of copper or iron, and then inserted into the tube base. The one on the left is a gold-legged electron tube. Gold has the highest conductivity. Of course, the conductivity is good. If you use a high-quality tube base, the performance will be better and the music will be more vivid.
The material and quality of the wire conductor also have a certain influence on the performance of the equipment. For example, the wire twisted by multiple strands of soft copper wire has a soft and thick tone, and the musical sound is clear and fast when using a single strand of copper wire. Power is also high. Some audiophile-grade commodity machines are all connected with silver wires, making the sound clear and round, sweet, and rich in details and clear. Amateur welders who use multiple strands of silver-plated copper wire also have the sound performance of silver and copper wires. For small signal lines, Teflon-coated silver wires with a diameter of 3 to 6 mm have good sound and low signal transmission loss. Use a single teflon silver-plated coin with a diameter of 1.2mm to remove the sheath for the ground bus. The remaining connecting wires can be Teflon multi-strand silver-plated wires with a diameter of 1mm, etc., and the sound will also have a good performance. Using thick wires with a shielding layer will play a shielding role, avoiding the nuisance of AC magnetic fields, making the signal-to-noise ratio higher, and the music background more beautiful. The shielding layer is grounded at the AC power supply chassis. The current of the filament is large, and it should be connected with thick copper wire.
The input and output RCA sockets should be insulated types, installed on the chassis and insulated from the chassis to form a one-point grounding arrangement.
Amplifier or preamplifier should have a solid, spacious, shock-proof, novel and beautiful chassis. The chassis made of stainless steel plate is more beautiful, non-magnetically conductive, and solid. The angle of the welding machine during assembly and debugging does not feel soft or deformed, and it is not magnetically conductive. The internal components, wires, etc. are free from Electromagnetic interference of transformers and clutter, the music background is more quiet, the sound is pure and transparent, the details are clear, and the distortion is small, which is beautiful and can prevent resonance.
When using a steel plate chassis, at least 10 mm of insulating material should be used to fix the transformer and choke, so that the iron core does not contact the chassis, and the fixing screws must also use non-magnetic materials, such as copper screws, to prevent the magnetic force lines from spreading along the chassis , Causing noise and distortion.
Although the cathode output device (also known as buffer stage) has no voltage gain, it has a good filtering buffer function and impedance conversion performance, which reduces the output impedance and can be well matched with the power amplifier of the rear stage. The second-stage power amplifier is isolated to eliminate mutual interference noise and avoid unstable work. If the input stage of the power amplifier is a cathode output device, it can also provide enough driving current (because the cathode output device generally uses a very large bile duct), which can reduce distortion, so some antique famous machines (such as Marantz 9) input stage It is designed as a buffer level.
Try to use direct coupling between stages, because the capacity and quality of the coupling capacitor have a greater impact on frequency response and timbre. With direct coupling, the signal transmission is very easy, and the loss of weak signals is also small, which creates conditions for the excellent performance of the whole machine.
Although the circuit of various electronic tube machines is basically the same, the selection tube is not the same. Some people like to use EL34, while others like to use 6L6. As long as they are designed and tuned well, they can produce unique tone amplifiers.
Commonly used power amplifier circuits for tube amplifiers include Class A amplifier single-ended output circuits, Class B or AB push-pull amplifier output circuits, and OTL circuits without output transformers. The Class A amplified single-ended output circuit is simple, has few components, and has no crossover distortion. From the perspective of listening to music, the single-ended A-type amplifier has the most beautiful and pure sound. Although the output power is small, the control power is good, the response is fast, the sound is fine and clear, and the frequency response is wide. The single-ended output machine is more suitable for direct-heating three-pole power amplifier tubes, such as 2A3, 300B, 211, 845, etc. Because the triode power amplifier tube has good linearity and low harmonic distortion. When the 2A3, 300B single-ended output is too small, the output power can be increased by connecting two tubes in parallel, but the output impedance will also be reduced by half. Existing masters use parallel output and still use the original output transformer to obtain beautiful sound. The push-pull output machine requires the characteristics of the two power amplifier tubes to be the same, and in order to obtain two signals with positive and negative opposite, there must be a phase splitter , So the circuit is more complicated. Push-pull amplifiers have large output power, low distortion, and high fidelity, so they are used by many famous machines.
Regardless of whether it is a single-ended output machine or a push-pull output machine, an output transformer with excellent performance is required to come up with good sound. In the primary coil of the single-ended output transformer, there is always DC current passing through. To avoid distortion caused by the magnetic saturation of the core, the core needs to have a gap. To maintain the inductance, the volume of the core needs to be increased, so the price is more expensive.
The general welder often imitates the circuit of the famous machine, because the circuit is mature and easy to succeed, but generally does not get the tone of the famous machine. This is because there are many factors for the beautiful machine, the circuit, the tube, the resistance component, the wire, the production process, The comprehensive results of school calibration and so on, and some components are not available on the market, they are developed or commissioned by the manufacturer to be specially processed, so imitation can only get the results that they think are satisfactory.
Famous machines with relatively simple circuits such as Williamson amplifiers and Dynaco amplifiers are easier to manufacture, with more copyers, sufficient components, and well-made methods, and the results are not bad. The Dynaco circuit is shown in Figure 1. The input stage V1 and the inverting and driving stage V2 use the triode-pentode composite tube 6F2. V1 can also use the 8-pin tube 6J8P, and the inverting stage can be replaced with 6N1 or 6N8P. The power amplifier tube uses 6P3P or EL34, and 6V6GT can also be used, which can create a charming tone.
If you make a single-ended output machine, you can use 2A3 (or 300B) as the output, 6V6GT for the driving stage, 12AX7 or 6N9P, 6SQ7GT, 6J8P, etc. for the input stage.
The circuit of the bile pre-amplifier is relatively simple. It can be amplified by two-stage common cathode, or one-stage common cathode amplification plus one-stage cathode output, and then add loop negative feedback to adjust the gain. Figure 2 is the preamplifier circuit of the famous machine MaTIsse Reference. The input stage uses 12AX7 and the output stage uses 12AT7. Its high-frequency characteristics are good. The details are clear and rich, and the distortion is small. Due to the large output capacitance, the volume and strength of the bass are good. The power supply voltage of the amplifier tube screen of this machine is high, so the withstand voltage requirements of the filter capacitor and the cross-link capacitor are also high. For a strong music taste, V2 can be replaced with 6V6GT, 12AX7 or 6V6GT, which are all music-type amplifier tubes.
The high voltage of the power supply part can use the π-shaped filter circuit of the bile tube rectification and the choke coil. The B + voltage is very smooth, and the whole machine will have a pure bile taste. Since the current of the amplifier is not large, the capacity of the filter capacitor need not be too large, and 100uF is enough. The quality of the rectifier tube, choke coil, and filter capacitor has a greater influence on the sound effect of the amplifier. If the half-wave rectifier circuit of a high-voltage semiconductor diode is used, the peak value of the output voltage is √2E (E is the effective value voltage of the input AC), and some famous amplifiers (such as the Matisse preamplifier introduced earlier) amplify the tube The power supply voltage of the screen electrode is about 400V. If the voltage of the secondary high-voltage line pack of the power transformer is low, the full-wave rectification can not reach 400V. The voltage doubler rectification of the semiconductor diode can be used. The output voltage can reach 2.8E, and then the wire winding The potentiometer adjusts the required B + voltage. If the withstand voltage of the filter capacitor is not enough, two capacitors can be connected in series and then connected to a voltage-equalizing resistor. In order to improve the working stability of the amplifier circuit, the output end of the B_ circuit can be provided with a voltage stabilizing circuit. The voltage stabilizing tube can be an inflatable voltage stabilizing tube, such as WY3P, WY4P, etc., or a high voltage back pressure high power transistor voltage stabilizing circuit. Or three-terminal regulator LM317K voltage regulator circuit.
Components 1. Tube is the heart of a tube amplifier. It is generally believed that European and American brand-name electronic tubes have the most beautiful sound and can be used best. Domestic tubes have been manufactured for decades, and various brands of tubes such as Beijing, Dawning, Guiguang, and Nanjing also have a bold tone. At present, the advanced direct-heating triode power amplifier tubes and rectifier tubes manufactured by Tianjin Full Music have excellent performances, which have been adopted by famous machines and are also available on the market.
2. The power size and quality of the power transformer have a great influence on the sound effect of the amplifier. The quality is good. A transformer with enough power can make the amplifier have sufficient power supply, stable sound, high signal-to-noise ratio, and low current density in the copper wire of the primary The performance of the middle and low bass, the sense of volume, the strength and clarity of the bass are all beneficial, and the music software of any content can be leisurely.
The power transformer has an E1-shaped iron core, a toroidal transformer and an R-shaped transformer. The transformer with E1-shaped iron core has a soft tone, thick mid and low frequencies, but a large magnetic leakage. The toroidal transformer has low magnetic leakage, high signal-to-noise ratio of the amplifier, clear and detailed sound, and clear details. There should be an electrostatic isolation layer between the primary and secondary of the power transformer, and the isolation layer should be well grounded when welding. In order to reduce magnetic leakage, some E1 iron core transformers are made into double-layer shields, see Figure 3, with excellent performance. The preamplifier made by this transformer has a high signal-to-noise ratio and a pure, thick tone.
3. Output transformer Whether the amplifier is a single-ended output or a push-pull output, the good sound is all supported by the output transformer with excellent performance. The primary requirement of the output transformer is that the inductance is large enough to ensure the sense of low frequency and dive, and the output transformer must have a small distributed capacitance and magnetic leakage, and the high frequency can meet the requirements. Those who are not experienced in winding transformers still use reliable products from famous manufacturers or experts.
Low-frequency choke coils generally use the specifications of E1 shaped iron core 10H / 0.3A or 0.25A. The filtering effect and sound output can meet the requirements. The amplifier with large output power and large current change need to use 5H. The sound of oil immersed choke coils of MBLE, which is praised by enthusiasts, is also good, but the capacity is small, the inductance is 2H, the current is 0.13A, and the effect of a filter is poor. The second order should be used and the filter capacitor should be appropriately increased. Due to the small capacity, it is more suitable for the pre-amplifier power supply, or in the filter circuit of the power amplifier's pre-amplifier power supply, the C-shaped choke can achieve 10H / 0.3A, the sound effect is surging, the music details are rich, and the level is clear , The sound is clear, the middle and low bass are thick.
4. Resistance-capacitance components Generally, older resistance-capacitance components can be used to obtain the sound of traditional amplifiers, and if combined with modern high-tech products, the playback equipment can also have the atmosphere of modern audio. Commonly used feverish electrolytic capacitors are: MALLORY, SPRAGUE, ROE, PHILIPS, Japanese ELNA audio special electrolytic capacitors, rubies and other foreign electrolytic capacitors, domestically produced Tianhe and Heping brand electrolytic capacitors. EW or other brands of canned oil immersed capacitors, etc., the capacitors used for inter-stage cross-connection are: oil immersed capacitors of SPRAGUE, TCC or other companies, WIMA, SOLEN polypropylene capacitors, Japan ELNA SILAMIC audio coupling dedicated capacitors, and New Decker , Polypropylene capacitors for Kaili amplifiers, the old-style paper dielectric capacitors with domestic wax seals, and foreign antique film capacitors, copper film, silver film capacitors, etc. These capacitors have their own characteristics, and can be used with the sound of the playback equipment.
There are many varieties of resistors available. AB carbon resistance, RT carbon film resistance, DALE resistance and other music taste is better, the sound is warmer, and the music taste of the red gun resistance is also good. Some foreign wire-wound resistors and precision metal film resistors are used at the screen load resistance and cathode resistance of the amplifier tube. The sound is very clear, the details are rich, and they can be used properly.
The volume potentiometer is related to the timbre of the amplifier, the signal-to-noise ratio, the accuracy of the stereo, and the control of the volume. The audio signal must pass through it and be controlled by it. It is a very important component. Goods. The wiring of the volume potentiometer should be correct, and the volume of the volume potentiometer shell of the metal shell should be well grounded. The volume potentiometer has three terminals and four terminals. One of the four terminals is a tap on the carbon film for connecting to the loudness control circuit. The connection method is shown in Figure 4.
If there is no equal loudness circuit, this pin is left unused. There is also a balance potentiometer, which is only set on the higher-end famous machines. Its function is to adjust the two-channel balance (the volume potentiometer is not completely synchronized; the two channels of the amplifier are not completely balanced or the listening environment is asymmetrical). Make stereo sound better and sound image more accurate. The balance potentiometer is represented by the letter MN, which is different from the volume potentiometer and cannot be replaced with a volume potentiometer. The connection is shown in Figure 5 (a), and the connection of the two potentiometers on the amplifier is shown in Figure 5 (b). W1 (500KMN) for balance adjustment and W2 (100KA) for volume adjustment. Under normal circumstances, place W1 in the middle soft positioning position, a little twisting left and right will have obvious effect.
5. Tube base The electronic tube transmits signals and provides power through the tube base. The performance of the tube base also has a great impact on the playback effect. When the pins of the socket are in poor contact with the electronic pins, the contact resistance is large, and the signal is lost during the transmission process, especially the weak signal will be lost, making the music details reduced and blurred, and the power supply voltage may also be reduced, so the socket should be Use good varieties, good contact, and close use. The two models in Figure 6 are American bakelite eight-pin sockets and foreign ceramic sockets. The structure of the terminals of these sockets is slightly different from that of the domestic sockets. They are very tightly bitten with the electronic pins and have a large contact area. , So the contact resistance is very small, so the performance of transmitting information and power is good. Before using the electronic pin, you should check whether the pin is clean, whether there is an oxide layer or rust, etc. Before use, the oxide layer should be wiped off with a fine emery cloth to expose the luster of copper or iron, and then inserted into the tube base. The one on the left is a gold-legged electron tube. Gold has the highest conductivity. Of course, the conductivity is good. If you use a high-quality tube base, the performance will be better and the music will be more vivid.
The material and quality of the wire conductor also have a certain influence on the performance of the equipment. For example, the wire twisted by multiple strands of soft copper wire has a soft and thick tone, and the musical sound is clear and fast when using a single strand of copper wire. Power is also high. Some audiophile-grade commodity machines are all connected with silver wires, making the sound clear and round, sweet, and rich in details and clear. Amateur welders who use multiple strands of silver-plated copper wire also have the sound performance of silver and copper wires. For small signal lines, Teflon-coated silver wires with a diameter of 3 to 6 mm have good sound and low signal transmission loss. Use a single teflon silver-plated coin with a diameter of 1.2mm to remove the sheath for the ground bus. The remaining connecting wires can be Teflon multi-strand silver-plated wires with a diameter of 1mm, etc., and the sound will also have a good performance. Using thick wires with a shielding layer will play a shielding role, avoiding the nuisance of AC magnetic fields, making the signal-to-noise ratio higher, and the music background more beautiful. The shielding layer is grounded at the AC power supply chassis. The current of the filament is large, and it should be connected with thick copper wire.
The input and output RCA sockets should be insulated types, installed on the chassis and insulated from the chassis to form a one-point grounding arrangement.
Amplifier or preamplifier should have a solid, spacious, shock-proof, novel and beautiful chassis. The chassis made of stainless steel plate is more beautiful, non-magnetically conductive, and solid. The angle of the welding machine during assembly and debugging does not feel soft or deformed, and it is not magnetically conductive. The internal components, wires, etc. are free from Electromagnetic interference of transformers and clutter, the music background is more quiet, the sound is pure and transparent, the details are clear, and the distortion is small, which is beautiful and can prevent resonance.
When using a steel plate chassis, at least 10 mm of insulating material should be used to fix the transformer and choke, so that the iron core does not contact the chassis, and the fixing screws must also use non-magnetic materials, such as copper screws, to prevent the magnetic force lines from spreading along the chassis , Causing noise and distortion.
RGBW bulbs add RGB colorful light based on the traditional warm light, they are suitable for home, bars and offices. Once turning on the RGB colorful lighting, you can begin the party anytime and anywhere with your family and friends. Users can choose the light mode according to time, scene, mood, and also can adjust the brightness, color temperature and color of the light. Using energy-saving and high-quality LED lamp beads, the light source is stable without stroboscopic, the effective life can be more than 20000 hours. Our LED products can meet global quality standards and pass European testing by TUV Rheinland. Bulbs have certifications such as EMC, RED, LVD, ROHS, REACH, ERP and FCC.
With the exclusive designed 2.4G remote controller, get you off the switch and turn on / off the lights anywhere, one remote controller can set 4 groups, each group is recommended to match up 8pcs bulbs, one remote controller can max control 32 bulbs. This remote controller is suitable for all 2.4G versions of RGBW products under [linkuphome".
The remote control uses colorful touch buttons, the color touch buttons are comfortable and sensitive. The remote controller has the functions of grouping, lighting, brightness adjustment, color light automatic cycle mode, three cycle speeds can be choosed. The wireless control distance is around 20 meters. Low power consumption makes the remote controller only need 4pcs AA batteries, but can be used for two years.
Product Parameters
Description: RGB Bulb with 2.4G Remote Control
Product dimension: Dia66mm * H122mm
Material: PC & Aluminum & Nylon
Working Voltage: 100-240V
Frequency: 50/60Hz
Color Temperature: RGB+Warm White (3000K)
LED Power: 9.5W (710lm)
Base Type: E27/E26/B22
Packing: color box
Warranty: 2 Years
Color box size: 15.3*7.4*7.4cm
G.W. of Unit: 0.22kg
N.W. of Unit: 0.18kg
Certification: CE(EMC,RED), ROHS,FCC
Discreption: 2.4GRF Wireless RGB Remote Controller
Product dimension: 105mm *33mm
Product Net Weight: 150g
Material: ABS & Metal
Battery: 4*AA battery (not included)
Working Power: 6V
Standby Power: 3 mW
Frequency Band: 2400-2483.5MHz/2.4GHz
Control bulb qty: 1-32 pcs
Packing: Each in a color box
Warranty: 1 Year
Color box size: 16.7*14.7*4.5cm
G.W. of Unit: 0.22kg
N.W. of Unit: 0.15kg
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Ningbo Homey Photoelectric Technology. Co., Ltd , https://www.linkuphome.com